During cadaver research as well as clinical studies, the template has attracted increasing attention from clinicians because of its position-independent character and the reduction of surgical procedures, , ]. The 3D surgical templates are instruments that are used to guide the placement of internal fixations such as screws, assist in bone repositioning, and aid in determining the extent of osteotomy. Radiological diagnosis of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become less invasive and more informative.
With the evolution of printing materials and advances in medical imaging, the materials that can satisfy 3D printing have evolved from single solid powders such as metals, plastics, and ceramics to mixed liquids, gels, and cells. One of the significant applications is the design and fabrication of patient-specific guides to perform drilling and cutting operations. In the medical field, it is increasingly used in a wide range of clinical applications, including guide templates, preoperative models, the implant, human tissue, organs, etc. It has advantages that are unmatched by traditional processes, such as rapid forming, better repeatability, and individualization to meet unique or special requirements. The technology differs from the traditional methods of modeling, which changes the traditional removal process to an additional process. As a form of digital technology, 3D printing is an effective method to achieve individualization and precision in various orthopedic procedures, , ].ģD printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM) or rapid prototyping, is an emerging technology that uses digital model files as the basis for producing objects. With the increasingly close connection between digital technology and orthopedics, we have diagnosed and cured individual patients in patterns of precision, personalization, and digitalization instead of empirical, generalization, and contouring.
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